集束化护理的误区分析与正确应用

分析我国护理人员在构建和实施集束化护理方案过程中,忽略集束化护理方案基于证据的实质、对各集束措施之间的关联性理解不够及认为集束化护理中的措施一成不变等误用情况;阐述了集束化护理的正确应用、集束化护理实施过程中的挑战与应对策略.旨在促使护理人员正确认识和应用集束化护理,以促进护理质量的持续改进.     

Combination of ventilator care bundle and regular oral care with chlorhexidine was associated with reduction in ventilator associated pneumonia

BackgroundVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important source of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. VAP is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay and increases in costs.MethodsQuality improvement project. Mechanically ventilated patients received oral care every 8 h with chlorhexidine 2%. A formal process was developed to evaluate compliance with the following ventilator bundle initiatives: head of the bed elevation to 30–45°, daily sedation vacation and assess the readiness to extubate, providing peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis and providing deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis (unless contraindicated).ResultsThe rate of VAP before starting the project, in the first 6 months of year 1431H, was 16.2 cases/1000 ventilator days. Six month after inception of the quality improvement project, the VAP rates decreased to 5.6 cases/1000 ventilator days at the end of 1431H, and at the end of 1432H, it was 5.5 cases/1000 ventilator days. This leads to significant reduction in mortality (adjusted according to APACHE II) from 23.4% to 19.1% (p value 0.024) and the length of stay in ICU from 9.7 to 6.5 days (p value 0.00002).ConclusionThe combination of regular oral hygiene with chlorhexidine 2% and rigorous implementation of ventilator care bundle was associated with significant reduction in VAP rate in mechanically ventilated patients. This has led to reduction in length of stay in ICU from 9.7 to 6.5 days and reduction in mortality from 23.4% to 19.1%.     

腹腔镜下保留假包膜神经血管束子宫肌瘤剥除术临床疗效

目的探讨腹腔镜下保留假包膜神经血管束子宫肌瘤剥除术的临床疗效。方法选取2014年10月至2015年3月,就诊于哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院的子宫肌瘤患者40例为研究对象,根据不同治疗方法将患者分为腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剥除术(A)组及腹腔镜下保留假包膜神经血管束子宫肌瘤剥除术(B)组,每组各20例。比较两组患者术前同侧子宫动脉搏动指数、阻力指数;术后第2、7、35、45天子宫肌瘤瘢痕区变化、肌层愈合、瘢痕区血运等情况,以及创面愈合区血管指数(VI)、血流指数(FI)、血管化血流指数(VFI)。将两组患者数据进行对比研究,应用重复测量数据的方差分析进行计算。结果 B组患者术后瘢痕愈合程度快于A组,瘢痕区血流灌注情况及VI、FI、VFI值均高于A组。两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜下保留假包膜神经血管束子宫肌瘤剥除术,术后瘢痕区血供丰富,创面愈合程度快于传统腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剥除术。     

老年病房备用药品的集束化管理

目的探讨集束化管理方法提高老年病房备用药品管理水平的作用。方法对老年病房备用药品管理现状进行调查,分析药品管理中存在的问题,针对问题制定集束化管理策略方案并实施,包括确定老年科常备药和亚专科备药管理目录,加强特殊药品管理,统一制作药品标识,落实药物效期管理等。结果老年病房药品管理质控得分由实施前的(90.71±0.69)分提升至(95.00±1.52)分(P0.05)。结论运用集束化管理策略加强病区备用药品的规范管理,能提升病区药品管理水平,降低药品安全隐患,保障患者用药安全。     

Modulators in concert for cognition: modulator interactions in the prefrontal cortex

Research on the regulation and function of ascending noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems has focused on the organization and function of individual systems. In contrast, evidence describing co-activation and interactions between multiple neuromodulatory systems has remained scarce. However, commonalities in the anatomical organization of these systems and overlapping evidence concerning the post-synaptic effects of neuromodulators strongly suggest that these systems are recruited in concert; they influence each other and simultaneously modulate their target circuits. Therefore, evidence on the regulatory and functional interactions between these systems is considered essential for revealing the role of neuromodulators. This postulate extends to contemporary neurobiological hypotheses of major neuropsychiatric disorders. These hypotheses have focused largely on aberrations in the integrity or regulation of individual ascending modulatory systems, with little regard for the likely possibility that dysregulation in multiple ascending neuromodulatory systems and their interactions contribute essentially to the symptoms of these disorders. This review will paradigmatically focus on neuromodulator interactions in the PFC and be further constrained by an additional focus on their role in cognitive functions. Recent evidence indicates that individual neuromodulators, in addition to their general state-setting or gating functions, encode specific cognitive operations, further substantiating the importance of research concerning the parallel recruitment of neuromodulator systems and interactions between these systems.     

多学科协作联合集束化管理对ICU多重耐药菌感染预防的效果

目的探讨多学科协作(MDT)联合集束化管理对综合重症监护病房(ICU)多重耐药菌(MDROs)感染防控的效果。方法选取2013年1月—2015年12月某三甲医院ICU住院患者为研究对象,自2014年1月开始将MDT联合集束化管理用于ICU MDROs感染的防控,并在实施1年后进行持续质量改进,比较实施前(2013年)、实施后(2014年)和持续改进后(2015年)ICU住院患者送检标本MDROs检出情况。结果实施前、实施后和持续改进后ICU患者中MDROs感染率分别为26.55%(154/580)、17.13%(117/683)、12.01%(77/641),呈下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=44.030,P0.001);ICU患者MDROs总检出率分别为64.44%(154/239)、63.59%(117/184)、43.26%(77/178),有降低趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=22.284,P0.001)。ICU主要MDROs为多重耐药/泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDR/PDR-AB,占44.54%)。结论 MDT联合集束化管理有助于降低ICU MDROs的感染率和检出率。     

集束化管理预防肝移植患者术后肺部感染的效果

目的探讨集束化管理预防肝移植患者术后肺部感染的效果,以降低肺部感染发病率。方法选择2016年1月—2017年12月某院肝胆外科行肝移植的患者为研究对象。2016年1月—2017年3月的患者为对照组,实施常规护理措施,2017年4—12月的患者为试验组,实施集束化肺部管理。比较两组患者肺部感染发病率、肺不张发生率、第一次下床活动时间、住院费用和患者满意度。结果对照组共110例肝移植患者,试验组67例肝移植患者。两组患者均顺利完成手术。试验组肺部感染发病率为6.0％,低于对照组的16.4％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组肺不张发生率为7.5％,低于对照组的18.2％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组第一次下床活动时间为（83.81±7.56）h ,短于对照组的（91.67±13.93）h,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。试验组住院时间为（30.22±3.23）d ,短于对照组的（31.49±4.34）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组患者对护理的总体满意度为92.5％,优于对照组的78.2％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论采用集束化管理能有效降低肝移植患者术后肺部感染发病率、肺不张发生率,缩短卧床时间及住院时间,提高患者满意度。     

How the Shift in Arthroplasty Surgery Location Impacts the Relationship of Private Surgeons,Hospitals, and Ambulatory Surgery Centers

The recent removal of total hip and knee arthroplasty from the Medicare inpatient-only list, COVID-19 pandemic, decreasing reimbursements, and bundled payment programs have all had tremendous impact on the practice of arthroplasty. Surgeons and practices must adapt to these challenges to achieve the ideal triad of quality patient care, low cost to payors, and sustainable financial margins for stakeholders. Here, we review institutional data and present our experience with the changing arthroplasty practice landscape. With the principle of demand matching, arthroplasty surgeons and practices can risk-stratify and shuttle patients in the appropriate operative and rehabilitation setting to optimize quality and efficiency.     

Evaluation of an intervention program to prevent hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections in an ICU in a rural Egypt hospital

Aim: Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most common hospital-acquired infection in ICUs. The aim of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of an intervention program by implementing urinary catheter bundle elements to reduce the CAUTI frequency in an ICU. Methods: The intervention study was conducted over a period of 6 months. During a pre-intervention phase, the base line catheter associated CAUTI incidence rates were determined and compared with the incidence rates during the post-intervention phase. The compliance of health care staff with urinary catheter bundle elements was also measured. The implemented CAUTI prevention bundle consisted of hand hygiene, wearing personal protective equipment, use of disposable gloves, cleansing of urethral meatus prior to catheter insertion using sterile saline, assessment of catheter need, aseptic urine sampling technique, and correct draining bag positioning.Results: During the study period, 55 out of 77 patients were diagnosed with a CAUTI. The mean CAUTI incidence rate for the pre-intervention period was 90.12/1,000 catheter days and for the post intervention phase 65.69/1,000 catheter days. The CAUTIs rate was inversely proportional to insertion bundle elements and maintenance bundle elements compliance rate. This negative relationship was statistically significant only with maintenance bundle elements (p=0.042) (r_s=–0.828). The compliance rate of the ICU nurses to the bundle elements was raised to 100% during the last 2 months of the post intervention phase.Conclusion: Increased compliance to recommended catheter associated urinary tract infections preventive practices reduced the incidence of CAUTI in an ICU unit. It is simple and effective and is recommended as a part of patient safety culture.